ПАЛАЦЦО. ИТАЛЬЯНСКИЙ ТИП РЕНЕССАНСНЫХ ПОСТРОЕК

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ПАЛАЦЦО. ИТАЛЬЯНСКИЙ ТИП РЕНЕССАНСНЫХ ПОСТРОЕК

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Типы Ренессансных построек не очень отличаются от средневековых. Это прежде всего храмы и дворцы – или замки на севере от Альп. Италия добавила к этому только два типа: загородный дом, или виллу, и стандартный общественный дворец. Однако Возрождение по-своему трактовало античные типы, а точнее все средства были существенно обновлены.
Хотелось бы поподробней остановится на палаццо. Палаццо стал важным типом гражданской архитектуры в Италии, городская резиденция (дворянство так же, как и богатая буржуазия жили на виллах, подобно дворянам, которые на Севере от Альп жили на своих землях в замках). Традиционный итальянский палаццо был закрытым массивом с одним внутренним двориком, квадратным или прямоугольным в плане, имел массивный экстерьер, но на дворик щедро открывался лоджиями. Таким образом дворик становился композиционным центром здания. Планы подобных построек становились со временем все более регулярными. Еще более чувствительные изменения здания такого типа претерпели в связи с использованием ордеров.
Флорентийский палаццо сохранил внешнюю строгость, хотя все чаще можно было встретить выступу на его фасаде. Палаццо Медичи с середины 15 века закрепил тип флорентийского палаццо с квадратным двориком, по периметру которого идет аркадная галерея на колоннах. Антонио да Сагалло в палаццо Фарнезе в Риме дал античный вариант этого типа : аркады покоятся не на колоннах, а на столбах, включающих в себя колонны нижнего ордера.
Фасад с наложенными друг на друга пилястрами, предложенный Альберти в палаццо Ручеллаи, был использован только один раз – в палаццо Пикколомини в Пиенце. Не смотря на то, что в течение практически всего 15 века аркады нижнего яруса дворцового фасада несли колонны, оформление ярусов в общем уже соответствовало нововведениям в античном стиле. Так, например, второй этаж во внутреннем дворике палаццо в Урбино украшен пилястрами, а верхний этаж в палаццо Медичи и Строцци имеет лоджию с архитравом.
Рикарди в 17 веке удлинил палаццо Медичи работы Микелоццо, выдвинув его на улицу. Таким образом палаццо стало классическим носителем Флорентийского стиля: фасады с ризалитами, квадратный дворик, окруженный галареями.
В Риме же дух античности чувствуется во всех важных постройках того времени. Впервые он появляется во внутреннем дворике палаццо Венеция. Позже Браманте использовал его в Ватиканском дворце в будущем дворе Сан Дамазо. И наконец, он обрел совершенные черты в палаццо Фарнезе.
И композиция интерьера, разумеется, отныне следовала прямоугольному членению. Новый тип лестниц, с прямыми, параллельными и разделенными стеной перилами, заменил круглую лестницу Средневековья.

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The Fordyce bathhouse is the most elaborate and was the most expensive of the bathhouses in Hot Springs, Arkansas, the cost including fixtures and furniture being 2,749.55 US. It was closed on June 29, 1962, the first of the Row establishments to fall victim to the decline in popularity of therapeutic bathing. Fordyce Bathhouse has served as the park visitor center since 1989.
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The Fordyce bathhouse is the most elaborate and was the most expensive of the bathhouses in Hot Springs, Arkansas, the cost including fixtures and furniture being 2,749.55 US. It was closed on June 29, 1962, the first of the Row establishments to fall victim to the decline in popularity of therapeutic bathing. Fordyce Bathhouse has served as the park visitor center since 1989.
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